Saunas are environments characterized by high temperatures and significant humidity levels. When it comes to selecting materials for use in such conditions, professionals employ a comprehensive set of criteria and methods to ensure durability, safety, and functionality.
One of the primary considerations is the material's ability to resist moisture absorption. In a wet and humid sauna, materials that readily absorb water are likely to warp, rot, or develop mold and mildew over time. Professionals conduct tests to measure the moisture absorption rate of different materials. For example, they may submerge samples of the material in water for a specific period and then measure the increase in weight. Materials with a low moisture absorption rate, such as certain types of hardwoods like cedar or teak, which have natural oils that repel water, are often favored. Additionally, synthetic materials like high-quality plastics or composites that are engineered to be waterproof can also be suitable options.
The high temperatures in a sauna require materials to be able to withstand heat without deteriorating. Professionals assess the material's heat resistance by subjecting it to elevated temperatures similar to those in a sauna. They look for signs of deformation, melting, or chemical changes. Materials like ceramic tiles, which can handle high heat and are commonly used on sauna floors and walls, are preferred in many cases. Stainless steel, another heat-resistant material, is often used for sauna benches and fittings due to its durability and resistance to heat-induced corrosion. Some types of rocks, such as lava rocks, are also suitable for use in sauna heaters as they can withstand the intense heat and help distribute it evenly.
The combination of heat and moisture in a sauna can cause chemical reactions in some materials. Professionals analyze the chemical stability of materials to ensure they do not release harmful substances into the air or react with other components in the sauna environment. For instance, paints and coatings used on sauna surfaces must be chemically stable to prevent off-gassing at high temperatures. They also check if the material will interact with the water vapor or any cleaning agents that may be used in the sauna. Materials that are known to be chemically inert, such as certain grades of glass or inert polymers, are more likely to be considered suitable.
Since saunas are used regularly and are subject to harsh conditions, the durability and longevity of materials are crucial. Professionals evaluate the material's ability to withstand repeated exposure to heat, moisture, and normal wear and tear. They may conduct accelerated aging tests to simulate years of use in a short period. For example, materials for sauna benches may be tested for their resistance to weight-bearing, scratching, and fading. Materials that show good durability, such as those with high tensile strength and resistance to abrasion, are preferred. This helps reduce the need for frequent replacements and maintenance, saving both time and cost in the long run.
In a wet and humid environment, maintaining hygiene is essential to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. Professionals consider the ease of cleaning and the material's ability to resist staining and microbial growth. Materials with smooth surfaces that are not porous are easier to clean and disinfect. For example, glazed ceramic tiles or stainless steel surfaces can be wiped down easily with common cleaning agents. Additionally, materials that do not provide a breeding ground for microorganisms, such as those with antimicrobial properties or that can be treated with antimicrobial coatings, are more suitable. This ensures that the sauna remains a clean and healthy environment for users.
While functionality is paramount, the aesthetic appearance of the materials also plays a role in the overall design of the sauna. Professionals consider the color, texture, and finish of the materials to create an appealing and relaxing atmosphere. Natural materials like wood can add a warm and inviting feel, while modern synthetic materials can offer a sleek and contemporary look. The choice of materials should also complement the overall style and theme of the sauna space. For example, a traditional Finnish sauna may feature a lot of wood, while a more modern design might incorporate a combination of glass, steel, and stone for a unique visual effect.